Are you searching for a compelling book on addiction nonfiction? Look no further! We have curated a list of the 20 best addiction nonfiction books that will captivate you from cover to cover. Whether you’re seeking personal stories of triumph over addiction, expert insights into the science behind addiction, or practical advice on recovery, this list has something for everyone. So, grab a cup of coffee, curl up in your favorite reading nook, and get ready to embark on a journey through the pages of these incredible books.
Contents
- 1 In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction
- 2 Dopesick: Dealers, Doctors, and the Drug Company that Addicted America
- 3 Unbroken Brain: A Revolutionary New Way of Understanding Addiction
- 4 The Recovering: Intoxication and Its Aftermath
- 5 Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs
- 6 Beautiful Boy: A Father’s Journey Through His Son’s Addiction
- 7 High Price: A Neuroscientist’s Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society
- 8 The Sober Diaries: How One Woman Stopped Drinking and Started Living
- 9 The Biology of Desire: Why Addiction Is Not a Disease
- 10 The Recovering: Intoxication and Its Aftermath
- 11 The Heroin Diaries: A Year in the Life of a Shattered Rock Star
- 12 The Night of the Gun: A Reporter Investigates the Darkest Story of His Life. His Own.
- 13 Lit: A Memoir
- 14 Tweak: Growing Up on Methamphetamines
- 15 The Big Fix: Hope After Heroin
- 16 The Lost Years: Surviving a Mother and Daughter’s Worst Nightmare
- 17 The Outrun
- 18 The Trip to Echo Spring: On Writers and Drinking
- 19 The Recovering: Intoxication and Its Aftermath
- 20 The Addicted Lawyer: Tales of the Bar, Booze, Blow, and Redemption
- 21 Conclusion
In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction
by Gabor Maté
In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction by Gabor Maté is a captivating book on addiction nonfiction that delves deep into the complex world of addiction. Maté, a renowned physician and addiction expert, takes readers on a thought-provoking journey, exploring the root causes of addiction and the profound impact it has on individuals and society as a whole.
Through a series of gripping real-life stories and personal anecdotes from his many years of experience working with addicts, Maté sheds light on the desperate struggle faced by those caught in the grips of addiction. He goes beyond the traditional understanding of addiction as a mere moral failing or lack of willpower, instead examining the deep-seated trauma and pain that often underlie addictive behaviors.
This book about addiction nonfiction challenges conventional wisdom and offers a fresh perspective on addiction, highlighting the importance of compassion, understanding, and a holistic approach to treatment. Maté argues that addiction is not a choice, but rather a response to overwhelming circumstances and a means of coping with deep emotional pain.
With his deeply empathetic and compassionate approach, Maté invites readers to question their own preconceptions about addiction and consider the societal factors that contribute to its prevalence. He explores the impact of childhood experiences, societal pressures, and systemic issues such as poverty and inequality, painting a comprehensive picture of addiction that goes beyond individual responsibility.
Ultimately, In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts is a powerful addiction nonfiction book that challenges readers to rethink their understanding of addiction and inspires a call to action. Maté’s combination of scientific knowledge, personal stories, and social analysis makes for a compelling read that is both informative and deeply moving.
Dopesick: Dealers, Doctors, and the Drug Company that Addicted America
by Beth Macy
Dopesick: Dealers, Doctors, and the Drug Company that Addicted America by Beth Macy is a groundbreaking book on addiction nonfiction that delves into the devastating opioid crisis that has engulfed America. This compelling and eye-opening read sheds light on the interconnected web of dealers, doctors, and pharmaceutical companies that have played a pivotal role in addicting a nation.
Unbroken Brain: A Revolutionary New Way of Understanding Addiction
by Maia Szalavitz
Unbroken Brain: A Revolutionary New Way of Understanding Addiction by Maia Szalavitz is a game-changing book that delves deep into the complex world of addiction. If you’re seeking a thought-provoking and enlightening read on addiction nonfiction, look no further.
Szalavitz challenges our traditional understanding of addiction and offers a fresh perspective that is both revolutionary and empowering. Through extensive research, personal experiences, and interviews with experts, she uncovers the underlying causes of addiction and dismantles the stigma surrounding it.
Unlike your typical book about addiction nonfiction, Unbroken Brain goes beyond the surface level and explores addiction as a learning disorder rather than a moral failing. Szalavitz argues that addiction is a response to trauma, stress, and other environmental factors, rather than a result of weak willpower.
With a captivating writing style and a wealth of knowledge, Szalavitz takes readers on a journey through the science, psychology, and societal implications of addiction. She challenges widely held beliefs and offers a compassionate approach to understanding and treating addiction.
If you’re searching for an addiction nonfiction book that will challenge your preconceived notions and open your mind to a new way of thinking, Unbroken Brain is the perfect choice. Prepare to have your perspectives shifted and your understanding of addiction transformed.
The Recovering: Intoxication and Its Aftermath
by Leslie Jamison
The Recovering: Intoxication and Its Aftermath by Leslie Jamison:
Prepare to embark on an extraordinary journey through the tumultuous world of addiction in Leslie Jamison’s groundbreaking The Recovering: Intoxication and Its Aftermath. This raw and compelling nonfiction masterpiece delves deep into the dark recesses of addiction, exploring its harrowing impact on individuals, families, and society as a whole.
Unapologetically honest and deeply introspective, The Recovering is not just another book on addiction nonfiction. Jamison’s unique perspective as both a talented writer and a recovering alcoholic herself breathes new life into this genre. She artfully weaves together personal anecdotes, historical accounts, and literary analysis to create a narrative that is as informative as it is emotionally gripping.
What sets The Recovering apart is Jamison’s unrelenting commitment to authenticity. She fearlessly exposes her own struggles with addiction, inviting readers into the chaotic world of her own mind as she battles demons and seeks redemption. Her prose is poetic and evocative, painting vivid pictures of desperation, hope, and the ever-present longing for escape.
Throughout the book, Jamison explores the complex relationship between addiction and creativity, challenging the stereotype of the tortured artist. She examines the lives of famous writers and artists who have grappled with addiction, dissecting their works with a keen eye and offering a fresh perspective on the bond between addiction and artistry.
But The Recovering is not just a book about addiction nonfiction; it is a call to action. Jamison advocates for a more compassionate and nuanced understanding of addiction, urging society to view it not as a moral failing but as a disease that requires empathy and support. She confronts the stigma surrounding addiction head-on, unmasking the harmful myths and misconceptions that perpetuate its destructive cycle.
So, if you’re craving a thought-provoking and soul-stirring read, look no further than The Recovering: Intoxication and Its Aftermath. This addiction nonfiction book will challenge your preconceived notions, push the boundaries of your empathy, and leave an indelible mark on your heart and mind.
Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs
by Johann Hari
Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs by Johann Hari is a groundbreaking book on addiction nonfiction that takes readers on a captivating journey through the history, politics, and personal stories surrounding drug addiction. In this eye-opening exploration, Hari challenges the conventional wisdom surrounding the global war on drugs and offers a fresh perspective on how society should approach the issue of addiction.
Beautiful Boy: A Father’s Journey Through His Son’s Addiction
by David Sheff
Beautiful Boy: A Father’s Journey Through His Son’s Addiction by David Sheff is a remarkable book about addiction nonfiction that delves into the heartbreaking and harrowing experience of a father watching his son battle with substance abuse. Sheff’s poignant memoir takes readers on a rollercoaster ride of emotions as he navigates the complexities of addiction, love, and hope.
High Price: A Neuroscientist’s Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society
by Carl Hart
High Price: A Neuroscientist’s Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society by Carl Hart is a captivating and eye-opening book on addiction nonfiction. Driven by his personal experiences growing up in a tough Miami neighborhood, Hart takes readers on a thought-provoking journey that challenges conventional beliefs about drugs and addiction.
The Sober Diaries: How One Woman Stopped Drinking and Started Living
by Clare Pooley
The Sober Diaries: How One Woman Stopped Drinking and Started Living by Clare Pooley is an inspiring and honest memoir that takes readers on a journey of self-discovery and transformation. This captivating book on addiction nonfiction follows Clare’s personal battle with alcoholism and her ultimate decision to get sober.
Through her beautifully written and relatable narrative, Clare explores the highs and lows of her addiction, giving readers an intimate glimpse into the world of alcohol dependency. With raw honesty and a touch of humor, she shares the challenges she faced, the relapses she experienced, and the moment of clarity that led her to make a life-changing decision.
But The Sober Diaries is not just another addiction nonfiction book. It goes beyond the struggles of addiction and delves into the process of recovery and the joys of sobriety. Clare takes readers on a remarkable journey as she navigates the ups and downs of her newfound sobriety, finding strength, support, and a renewed sense of purpose along the way.
Through her insightful reflections and heartfelt anecdotes, Clare offers a refreshing perspective on addiction and recovery. She candidly shares her experiences attending support groups, rebuilding relationships, and discovering the true joys of life without alcohol. Her story is a testament to the power of resilience, determination, and the transformative nature of self-discovery.
Whether you’re struggling with addiction, know someone who is, or simply want to gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of alcohol dependency, The Sober Diaries is a must-read. Clare’s compelling storytelling and relatable voice make this book about addiction nonfiction a gripping and empowering read.
The Biology of Desire: Why Addiction Is Not a Disease
by Marc Lewis
The Biology of Desire: Why Addiction Is Not a Disease by Marc Lewis is a captivating and thought-provoking book that challenges the traditional notion of addiction as a disease. This groundbreaking nonfiction work delves into the intricate biology and psychology behind addiction, offering a fresh perspective on a topic that has long been plagued by misconceptions.
Unlike other books on addiction nonfiction, Lewis presents addiction as a complex interplay between brain chemistry, personal experiences, and social contexts. He argues that addiction is not simply a result of faulty brain wiring but rather a natural response to a range of factors, including trauma, emotional pain, and social isolation.
Through a combination of scientific research, personal anecdotes, and philosophical reflections, Lewis takes readers on a captivating journey into the inner workings of addiction. He explores the role of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, in shaping addictive behaviors, while also highlighting the importance of personal agency and individual choices.
This book about addiction nonfiction offers a refreshing perspective that challenges the prevailing disease model of addiction. Lewis argues that by understanding addiction as a learning process, we can better approach treatment and support individuals in their journey towards recovery.
Whether you are seeking a deeper understanding of addiction or simply intrigued by the complexities of human behavior, The Biology of Desire is a must-read. It will challenge your preconceptions, spark new insights, and leave you with a greater appreciation for the intricate workings of the human mind.
The Recovering: Intoxication and Its Aftermath
by Leslie Jamison
Discover the captivating journey through the dark depths of addiction in Leslie Jamison’s The Recovering: Intoxication and Its Aftermath. This remarkable book on addiction nonfiction delves into the complex and haunting world of substance abuse, offering a raw and unflinching exploration of the author’s own battles with addiction.
Through a blend of personal narrative, cultural criticism, and in-depth research, Jamison paints a vivid portrait of addiction as both a deeply personal struggle and a societal phenomenon. With a masterful command of language and a keen eye for detail, she weaves together her own experiences with those of iconic literary figures and everyday individuals, creating a tapestry of stories that resonates with both empathy and understanding.
But The Recovering is more than just a book about addiction nonfiction; it is a profound reflection on the human condition. Jamison delves into the relentless pursuit of pleasure, the allure of self-destruction, and the agonizing aftermath of addiction. With searing honesty, she confronts the myths and stereotypes surrounding addiction, challenging readers to rethink their preconceived notions and embrace a more compassionate understanding.
Throughout this gripping narrative, Jamison’s prose shines, capturing the raw emotions and complexities of addiction with a lyrical grace. Her words have the power to transport readers to the darkest corners of the human experience, compelling them to confront their own vulnerabilities and examine the role of addiction in their lives.
Whether you have personally been touched by addiction or are simply seeking a thought-provoking and beautifully written addiction nonfiction book, The Recovering: Intoxication and Its Aftermath is a must-read. Jamison’s profound insights and compelling storytelling will leave a lasting impact, challenging readers to consider the power of addiction and the possibilities of recovery.
The Heroin Diaries: A Year in the Life of a Shattered Rock Star
by Nikki Sixx
The Heroin Diaries: A Year in the Life of a Shattered Rock Star is a captivating nonfiction book on addiction that takes readers on a wild journey through the dark and chaotic world of Nikki Sixx, the bassist of the notorious rock band Mötley Crüe.
In this addiction nonfiction book, Sixx candidly recounts his struggles with drug abuse, particularly his harrowing battle with heroin addiction. Through a series of personal journal entries, he provides a raw and unfiltered glimpse into the mind of a rock star teetering on the edge of self-destruction.
With a writing style that is both haunting and brutally honest, Sixx delves deep into the depths of his addiction, exposing the dark underbelly of fame, excess, and the music industry.
Through his vivid and often shocking anecdotes, Sixx sheds light on the realities of drug abuse, showing the devastating effects it can have on one’s mental and physical well-being. His unapologetic storytelling forces readers to confront the harsh realities of addiction, while also offering a glimmer of hope and redemption.
The Heroin Diaries is not just a book about addiction; it is a powerful testament to the strength of the human spirit and the ability to overcome even the darkest of demons. Whether you are a fan of Mötley Crüe or simply interested in understanding the complexities of addiction, this book is a gripping and eye-opening read that will leave a lasting impact.
The Night of the Gun: A Reporter Investigates the Darkest Story of His Life. His Own.
by David Carr
Are you ready to dive into a riveting tale that explores the depths of human struggle and triumph? Look no further than The Night of the Gun: A Reporter Investigates the Darkest Story of His Life. His Own. by David Carr. This extraordinary book on addiction nonfiction takes readers on a captivating journey through Carr’s own harrowing battle with substance abuse.
Lit: A Memoir
by Mary Karr
Are you ready to dive into the captivating world of addiction nonfiction? Look no further than Lit: A Memoir by Mary Karr. This incredible book takes you on a rollercoaster ride through Karr’s tumultuous journey of addiction and recovery.
With raw honesty and a powerful voice, Karr delves into the depths of her struggles with addiction, recounting the highs and lows of her life with breathtaking clarity. This book is not just a memoir, but a gripping exploration of the human spirit and the resilience it takes to overcome the darkness.
Through her vivid storytelling, Karr sweeps you into her world, making you feel every heart-wrenching moment and every glimmer of hope. Her words are like a balm for the soul, offering solace and understanding to anyone who has ever battled their own demons.
As you turn the pages of Lit: A Memoir, you’ll witness Karr’s transformation from a troubled young woman to a beacon of strength and inspiration. Her journey is a testament to the power of determination and the healing that can come from facing our deepest fears.
If you’re searching for a book that will leave you spellbound and profoundly moved, then Lit: A Memoir is the addiction nonfiction masterpiece you’ve been waiting for. Prepare to be captivated by Karr’s powerful storytelling and join her on a journey of redemption and self-discovery.
Tweak: Growing Up on Methamphetamines
by Nic Sheff
Tweak: Growing Up on Methamphetamines is a gripping memoir that delves into the harrowing world of drug addiction through the eyes of Nic Sheff. This raw and brutally honest account takes readers on a rollercoaster journey from the depths of addiction to the hope of recovery.
In this mesmerizing book on addiction nonfiction, Sheff paints a vivid picture of his tumultuous life, chronicling his descent into the dark abyss of methamphetamine addiction. With unflinching honesty, he lays bare the inner demons that drove him to seek solace in drugs, showcasing the devastating effects addiction can have on one’s physical, mental, and emotional well-being.
Through his powerful storytelling, Sheff provides a unique perspective on the complexities of addiction, offering readers a firsthand glimpse into the mind of an addict. His vivid descriptions and poignant introspection create a deeply immersive reading experience, allowing readers to understand the all-consuming nature of addiction nonfiction book.
While Tweak delves into the darkest corners of Sheff’s drug-fueled existence, it also serves as a beacon of hope. Sheff’s journey towards recovery and redemption offers a glimmer of light in the midst of despair. His resilience and determination to overcome addiction nonfiction book inspire readers to believe in the possibility of change and the power of personal transformation.
Tweak: Growing Up on Methamphetamines is a book about addiction nonfiction that not only sheds light on the devastating consequences of drug abuse but also explores themes of love, family, and the unbreakable bonds that connect us. Sheff’s unflinchingly honest narrative captivates readers, leaving an indelible impact long after the final page is turned.
The Big Fix: Hope After Heroin
by Tracey Helton Mitchell
The Big Fix: Hope After Heroin by Tracey Helton Mitchell is a gripping and eye-opening account of one woman’s journey through the depths of addiction and her inspiring path to recovery. This powerful nonfiction book delves into the harrowing world of addiction, shedding light on the devastating effects it has on individuals and their loved ones.
With raw honesty and unflinching detail, Mitchell shares her personal experiences with addiction, taking readers on a rollercoaster ride of emotions. From her initial experimentation with drugs to the downward spiral into heroin addiction, she lays bare the dark realities of substance abuse.
However, The Big Fix is not just a book about addiction; it is a story of hope, resilience, and redemption. Mitchell’s journey to recovery serves as a beacon of light for those struggling with addiction, showing that there is indeed a way out.
Through her own experiences and the stories of others she encountered along the way, Mitchell explores the various factors that contribute to addiction, including societal pressures, trauma, and the impact of poverty. She also delves into the complexities of the recovery process, providing valuable insights and advice for both individuals battling addiction and their loved ones.
What sets The Big Fix apart from other addiction nonfiction books is Mitchell’s unique perspective. As a former drug user turned social worker and advocate, she brings a wealth of knowledge and firsthand experience to the table. Her writing is both compassionate and informative, making the book accessible to a wide range of readers.
If you are looking for a thought-provoking and enlightening read, The Big Fix: Hope After Heroin is an addiction nonfiction book that should not be missed. Mitchell’s compelling storytelling and her message of hope make this a must-read for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the complexities of addiction and the power of recovery.
The Lost Years: Surviving a Mother and Daughter’s Worst Nightmare
by Kristina Wandzilak
The Lost Years: Surviving a Mother and Daughter’s Worst Nightmare is a captivating book about addiction nonfiction that delves deep into the harrowing journey of a mother and daughter battling their demons.
Written by Kristina Wandzilak, this poignant memoir takes readers on a rollercoaster ride through addiction, recovery, and the unbreakable bond between a mother and her child.
With raw honesty and compelling storytelling, Wandzilak shares her personal struggle with substance abuse, chronicling the dark years of her addiction and the devastating impact it had on her family.
As the narrative unfolds, readers are drawn into the gripping tale of a mother desperately trying to save her daughter from the clutches of addiction. Through heart-wrenching moments and triumphant victories, Wandzilak provides a unique perspective on the complexities of addiction and the power of love.
With each chapter, Wandzilak’s powerful writing captures the emotional turmoil and resilience of both mother and daughter, painting a vivid picture of the battle they fought together against addiction. Her ability to convey the pain, fear, and hope that accompany such a journey is both captivating and inspiring.
The Lost Years is not just a book about addiction nonfiction; it is a testament to the strength of the human spirit and the unwavering determination to overcome the darkest of obstacles. It serves as a reminder that even in the face of unimaginable challenges, there is always hope for redemption and healing.
Whether you have personally experienced addiction or know someone who has, The Lost Years is a must-read that will leave you with a profound understanding of the complexities surrounding this epidemic. It is a powerful story of love, resilience, and the power of never giving up.
The Outrun
by Amy Liptrot
The Outrun by Amy Liptrot is an extraordinary memoir that takes readers on a wild journey of recovery, redemption, and self-discovery. This captivating book explores the depths of addiction and the incredible power of nature to heal and restore.
The Trip to Echo Spring: On Writers and Drinking
by Olivia Laing
The Trip to Echo Spring: On Writers and Drinking by Olivia Laing is an enticing exploration into the tangled web of creativity, addiction, and the written word. In this mesmerizing book on addiction nonfiction, Laing dives deep into the lives of six iconic American writers who also happened to be plagued by the demons of alcoholism.
With a keen eye for detail and a compassionate heart, Laing takes us on a journey through the tumultuous lives of Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tennessee Williams, John Berryman, John Cheever, and Raymond Carver. Drawing on their personal letters, diaries, and autobiographies, she uncovers the complex relationship between their craft and their addiction nonfiction book habits.
Through her elegant prose, Laing explores the ways in which alcohol became both a companion and a curse for these literary giants. She delves into the reasons behind their dependency, whether it be a coping mechanism for trauma or a means to unleash their creative potential. By intertwining their personal struggles with their literary achievements, she illuminates the fine line between genius and self-destruction.
But The Trip to Echo Spring is not just a voyeuristic examination of addiction. It is also a poignant reflection on the human condition and the universal desire for escape. As Laing traverses the landscapes that shaped these writers, from the bustling streets of New York City to the sun-drenched shores of Key West, she invites us to ponder the ways in which we all seek solace and transcendence.
Ultimately, The Trip to Echo Spring is a powerful reminder of the indomitable spirit of these writers, who, despite their struggles, managed to create enduring works of art. Laing’s book about addiction nonfiction serves as a testament to their resilience and a celebration of the enduring power of literature.
The Recovering: Intoxication and Its Aftermath
by Leslie Jamison
Are you ready for a raw and unflinching journey into the heart of addiction? Look no further than The Recovering: Intoxication and Its Aftermath by Leslie Jamison. This gripping book on addiction nonfiction takes readers on a rollercoaster ride through the author’s own battles with alcoholism, while also exploring the larger societal issues surrounding addiction.
With a captivating blend of memoir, research, and cultural analysis, Jamison delves deep into the complexities of addiction, weaving together personal stories, historical anecdotes, and literary references. She fearlessly confronts the allure and devastation of substance abuse, shining a light on the dark corners that many would prefer to ignore.
But this isn’t just another book about addiction nonfiction. Jamison’s writing is a force to be reckoned with. Her prose is both poetic and razor-sharp, drawing readers in with its emotional depth and intellectual rigor. She tackles addiction as not just a personal struggle, but as a lens through which to examine society’s relationship with self-destructive behaviors.
Through her own experiences and the stories of others, Jamison explores the complex web of addiction, touching on themes of shame, recovery, relapse, and redemption. She challenges our preconceived notions about addiction, forcing us to question our own biases and judgments.
If you’re looking for an addiction nonfiction book that will leave you enlightened and moved, The Recovering is a must-read. Jamison’s powerful storytelling and honest introspection will leave an indelible mark on your soul, urging you to reconsider how we, as a society, approach addiction.
The Addicted Lawyer: Tales of the Bar, Booze, Blow, and Redemption
by Brian Cuban
The Addicted Lawyer: Tales of the Bar, Booze, Blow, and Redemption by Brian Cuban is a gripping and eye-opening journey into the dark side of the legal profession. This groundbreaking book on addiction nonfiction delves deep into the author’s personal struggles with alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental health issues, shining a spotlight on the often overlooked epidemic within the legal community.
In this addiction nonfiction book, Cuban fearlessly recounts his own harrowing experiences, providing a raw and unfiltered account of the destructive habits and dangerous behavior that consumed his life for far too long. With brutal honesty, he opens up about the high-pressure environment of law practice, the stress and anxiety that led him down a treacherous path, and the societal expectations that pushed him to the edge.
Through his powerful storytelling, Cuban not only exposes the dark underbelly of addiction in the legal profession but also offers a glimmer of hope and redemption. With every page, he takes readers on a rollercoaster ride of emotions, from the depths of despair to the triumph of recovery.
This book about addiction nonfiction is not just for lawyers or legal professionals; it is a poignant reminder that addiction can affect anyone, regardless of their background or occupation. Cuban’s vulnerability and resilience make this an essential read for anyone seeking to understand the complexities of addiction and the path to recovery.
The Addicted Lawyer invites readers to confront the uncomfortable truth about addiction and confront the stigma that surrounds it. Cuban’s powerful storytelling and unwavering determination to share his story make this book a compelling and necessary addition to the genre of addiction nonfiction.
Conclusion
In conclusion, these 20 books about addiction nonfiction offer a comprehensive and eye-opening look into the world of addiction. From personal memoirs to scientific research, these books provide valuable insights, empathy, and understanding for anyone affected by addiction. Whether you are looking for guidance, education, or simply seeking to broaden your knowledge, these books are a must-read for anyone interested in the complexities of addiction.